Soluble antigen-antibody complexes form in the circulation and deposit in vascular walls, basement membranes, or joints. These complexes fix complement, attracting neutrophils that release damaging lysosomal enzymes.
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The most abundant antibody type in serum during a secondary (amnesic) response. It is the only antibody that crosses the placenta to provide passive immunity to the fetus. It also fixes complement and acts as an opsonin. immunology notes dr najeeb lectures pdf new
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The human immune system is a sophisticated defense network divided into two primary arms: the and the Adaptive Immune System . Together, they protect the host from pathogens, eliminate foreign substances, and maintain tissue homeostasis. The Two Arms of Immunity
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Professional Antigen-Presenting Cells (Macrophages, Dendritic Cells, B cells) CD8+cap C cap D 8 raised to the positive power Cytotoxic T Cells CD4+cap C cap D 4 raised to the positive power Helper T Cells Antigen Source
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4. Adaptive Immunity: Epitopes, MHC, and Antigen Presentation
Cortical epithelial cells present self-MHC to immature T cells. Cells that can bind self-MHC survive; those that cannot undergo apoptosis. This ensures MHC restriction .
Type I: [Allergen] ---> IgE Cross-linking ---> Mast Cell Degranulation (Anaphylactic) Type II: [Antibody] ---> IgG/IgM binds to Cell Surface Antigen ---> Lysis/Phagocytosis (Cytotoxic) Type III: [Complex] ---> Antigen-Antibody Aggregates Deposit in Tissues ---> Complement Activation (Immune Complex) Type IV: [Delayed] ---> Sensitized T Cells ---> Cytokine Release / Macrophage Activation (Cell-Mediated) Type I: Immediate / Anaphylactic Cells that can bind self-MHC survive